It is the Bethe-Hitler equation for the (Electron-Positron) Pair Production operation, and it can be written in an abbreviated form so that it is applicable, using the following symbols: Therefore, the final form of the (DCS) of the operation of producing the Leptonic Pair of the nucleus is as follows: This operation was studied by the scientist Bethe and Hitler. Indicates the momentum transmitted to the nucleus. photon field with the field of nuclei (N), can be written: ( Figure 1).įigure 2 depicts the Feynman Diagrams for the issue of Leptonic Pair Production in the Electro-Magnetic field of nuclei. Operation produced in the interaction of the The interaction of a photon with the nucleus of an atom produces Pairs of Electrons and Positrons. This is done by studying the Electro-Magnetic (DCS) of nucleus Nitrogen and studying the extent of their impact on producing photons using high energies. In this research, we present some new ideas for developing Electro-Magnetic operation and their various applications. We are studying the effect of high energies on a light nucleus in the Pair Production operation. The obtained results are discussed in detail. The results are given in tables and figures to show the difference in the energy distribution of Hubbell and Seltzer revealed photon-based Pair Production.Įlectron and Positron formation has been studied through high-energy collisions on the Nitrogen nucleus, with Atomic Number 7 and Mass Number 14, and is generated using Electric and Magnetic fields through high energies of incident photons (from 2 to 6 GeV). Hubbell provides a historical overview of theīy photons from Dirac’s prediction of the position in 1928 until 2006. In 1936, Jaeger and Hulme established that Pair Production Differential Cross Section (DCS) calculations produce better outcomes at high incident photon energy. Nishina and others, Bethe, and Heitler were the first to theorize the theoretical treatment of Bethe and Heitler’s work shaped our present theoretical understanding of Pair Production. Anderson saw Pair Production for the first time in 1932 when he exploited the operation to find the Positron. Thomson, and it is still the prototypical elementary particle. The Electron was discovered in 1897 by J.J. Both the Electron and the Positron will be studied. The Electron, Muon, and Tau are three charged Leptons, and neutrinos are three neutral Leptons. Pheromones are divided into Leptons and quarks. They are split into Pheromones and Bosons. 1.There are numerous particles in nature, each of which is accompanied by its field as it moves. Hence, the cross section is very similar to the well-known Drell-Yan process as illustrated by Fig. The interest in this kind of particles has been enhanced by the so called “WIMP miracle”, a remarkable coincidence between a simple estimate for the relic density of DM in the universe and its measured value: If one assumes the existence of a dark matter particle with a mass of the order of 100 GeV that interacts with the SM via an annihilation process mediated by the electroweak force, one finds that the calculated value of the relic density is close to the measured one of \(\Omega _ + X\), are of a relatively simple structure, as the only colour-charged particles in this class of reaction are the initial-state (anti-)quarks. In the framework of non-relativistic or cold DM, which shows the best agreement with observations, an important class of candidate particles are the so-called weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) (for a recent review of the WIMP paradigm, see e.g. Several particles have been proposed as DM candidates. While there could be some contributions to DM from the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics in the form of neutrinos as hot dark matter or from large astrophysical objects consisting of protons and neutrons, it is generally assumed that these are only subleading effects and the dominant contribution to DM is a non-baryonic type of matter which is composed of a new type of particles as predicted within many models of physics beyond the SM. Nevertheless, the composition of DM is basically unknown, as all attempts to detect it – directly or indirectly – have so far been unsuccessful. These observations allowed to understand the abundance and distribution of DM in the universe and in many galaxies. The idea that dark matter (DM) is the main component of the matter content of the universe has been around for several decades and is well supported by astrophysical observations at large scales.
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